Therapeutic targets Normalization of serum calcium as well as serum phosphate levels. Freedom from symptoms Therapy recommendations For tetany (to stop muscle spasms): 20 ml calcium gluconate solution 10% (slow i.v. injection). Caveat: If the patient is taking digitalis (antiarrhythmic drug), do not administer calcium i.v., because calcium and digitalis act synergistically! If the etiology … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Drug Therapy
Primary hyperparathyroidism Pathogenesis (disease development) Primary hyperparathyroidism is the term used when there is a primary disease of the parathyroid glands (lat. : glandulae parathyroideae) with increased production of parathyroid hormone and resulting hypercalcemia (calcium excess). When the extracellular calcium level is increased, the parathyroid gland reacts by reducing the production and secretion (secretion) of … Parathyroid Hyperfunction (Hyperparathyroidism): Causes
The therapy of secondary as well as tertiary hyperparathyroidism depends mainly on the underlying disease. General measures Review of permanent medication due topossible effect on existing disease. In secondary hyperparathyroidism: adequate outdoor exposure (UV exposure for vitamin D synthesis). Regular check-ups Regular medical checkups Nutritional medicine Nutritional counseling based on nutritional analysis Nutritional recommendations according … Parathyroid Hyperfunction (Hyperparathyroidism): Therapy
Hypoparathyroidism (HP) (synonyms: Hypoparathyroidism; parathyroid insufficiency; parathyroid hormone deficiency; ICD-10-GM E20.-: Hypoparathyroidism) describes an underactivity of the parathyroid glands as a result of which the messenger substance parathyroid hormone (PTH) is not or insufficiently produced. In most people, the parathyroid glands (lat.: Glandulae parathyroideae) consist of four organs about the size of a lentil and … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism)
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism (hypothyroidism). Family history Are there any diseases in your family that are common? What is the general health of your family members? Social anamnesis Current medical history/systemic medical history (somatic and psychological complaints). Do you have/had muscle spasms/muscle cramps? When did … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Medical History
Congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99). Pseudohypoparathyroidism (synonym: Martin-Albright syndrome) – genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance; symptoms of hypoparathyroidism (hypothyroidism) without a deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood: four types are distinguished according to appearance: Type Ia: simultaneously exists an Albright osteodystrophy: brachymetacarpy (shortening of single or multiple metacarpal bones) and … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
Mr. Genitourinary System (N00-N99) The following are the major diseases or complications that may be co-morbid with hypoparathyroidism (hypothyroidism): Eyes and ocular appendages (H00-H59). Tetanic cataract (calcification of the lens of the eye). Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90). Calcium overdose may result in the following complications: Hypercalcemia syndrome – this leads to: Gastrointestinal disorders/gastrointestinal … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Complications
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes Hair [due tosecondary disease: alopecia (hair loss)] Nails [due tosecondary disease: brittle nails] Extremities [obstetric position of the lower extremities; due tosequelae: brachymetacarpy (shortening of single … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Examination
1st-order laboratory parameters-obligatory laboratory tests. Parathyroid hormone (PTH intact) [↓] Electrolytes Calcium [in serum ↓; in urine ↓] Magnesium [in serum ↓] Phosphate [in serum ↑; in urine ↓] CAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) [in urine ↓] Further notes Primary hypoparathyroidism is considered highly probable when hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency) and hyperphosphatemia (phosphate excess) have been demonstrated … Hypothyroidism (Hypoparathyroidism): Test and Diagnosis
Thyroid hormones affect many metabolic processes such as: Body growth Body weight Skin and hair Musculature Nervous system Endocrine system Thyroid diseases are very common and occur not only clustered in old age, but also in childhood and adolescence. Germany is an iodine deficiency area. Every third citizen lives with pathological changes in the thyroid … Thyroid Gland: Anatomy, Function and Role for Health
In latent hyperthyroidism (latent hyperthyroidism) or subclinical hyperthyroidism, symptoms or complaints occur only very diffusely. The following symptoms and complaints may indicate latent (subclinical) hyperthyroidism: Palpitations (heart palpitations) Cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (VHF) or sinus tachycardia (> 100 heartbeats/minute). Decreased resilience Tremor (shaking) Hyperhidrosis – increased sweating. Heat intolerance Anxiety Nervousness Concentration problems … Latent Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (disease development) In latent (subclinical) hyperthyroidism, there is mild dysfunction of the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones fT3 and fT4 are present in the blood at normal concentrations, whereas TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is <0.3 mU/l. Etiology (Causes) Biographic causes Genetic burden – TSH receptor mutations. Hormonal factors Mutations of the TSH receptors Thyroid hormone … Latent Hyperthyroidism: Causes