Products Sympatholytics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, as injectables, and eye drops, among others. Effects Sympatholytics have sympatholytic properties, meaning that they abolish the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the autonomic nervous system. Their effects are usually due to direct antagonism at adrenoceptors. Indirect sympatholytics reduce the … Sympatholytics
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreus (PHPV) is a congenital and hereditary eye disease. The disease is caused by an embryonic developmental disorder that causes the embryonic vitreous to persist and become hyperplastic. Treatment options usually correspond to surgery. What is persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous? The corpus vitreum is also known as the vitreous body. It is … Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Peters-Plus syndrome is a very rare eye disorder in which the development of the anterior segment of the eye is disturbed. The disorder is due to a gene mutation. Treatment focuses on alleviating the resulting symptoms. Corneal transplantation is one treatment option. What is Peters plus syndrome? Peters-Plus syndrome, or Krause-Kivlin syndrome, is an eye … Peters-Plus Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Products Netarsudil was approved in the United States in 2017 in eye drop form (Rhopressa, Rhokiinsa). Structure and properties Netarsudil (C28H27N3O3, Mr = 453.5 g/mol) is present in the drug as netarsudil dimesilate, slightly yellowish to white powder soluble in water. Effects Netarsudil lowers intraocular pressure by enhancing aqueous humor outflow at the trabecular meshwork. … Netarsudil
Onchocerciasis – or river blindness – is a parasitic disease caused by the worm filariae Onchocerca volvulus. River blindness is one of the most common infectious causes of blindness worldwide. What is river blindness? A massive health problem, river blindness occurs in over 99% of all cases in sub-Saharan Africa, but it is also known … River Blindness (Onchocerciasis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Products Medicines containing Caroverin are currently no longer available in many countries. Calmavérine is out of commerce. Structure and properties Caroverin (C22H27N3O2, Mr = 365.5 g/mol) Effects Caroverin (ATC A03AX11) is spasmolytic on smooth muscle with predominantly musculotropic effects. Indications Spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, urinary tract, and female genital tract in dysmenorrhea. … Caroverin
Products Carteolol is available in the form of extended-release eye drops (Arteoptic LA). Carteolol has been approved in many countries since 1984. Arteopilo, the combination with pilocarpine, is no longer marketed in many countries. Structure and properties Carteolol (C16H24N2O3, Mr = 292.4 g/mol) is a dihydroquinolinone and a racemate. It is present in drugs as … Carteolol
Products Promazine is commercially available in the form of dragées (Prazine). It has been approved in many countries since 1957. Structure and properties Promazine (C17H20N2S, Mr = 284.4 g/mol) is present in drugs as promazine hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder that is very soluble in water. It is a dimethylamine derivative of phenothiazine and structurally … Promazine
Products Beta-blockers are available in many countries in the form of tablets, film-coated tablets, sustained-release tablets, as capsules, solution, eye drops, and as injection and infusion solutions. Propranolol (Inderal) was the first representative of this group to appear on the market in the mid-1960s. Today, the most important active ingredients include atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol and … Beta Blocker Effects and Side Effects
Effects Beta-blockers (ATC S01ED) lower intraocular pressure. The effects are presumably due to a reduction in aqueous humor secretion. As with systemically administered agents, a distinction is made between selective and nonselective, hydrophilic and lipophilic, and agents with or without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Since the active substances can enter the bloodstream, they have the potential, … Beta Blocker Eye Drops
Symptoms Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease that is initially asymptomatic. Patients have no symptoms until the optic nerve becomes increasingly damaged, which can lead to irreversible visual impairment with visual field loss and blindness. Glaucoma represents the most common cause of blindness. Causes The cause of the disease is usually an increase in intraocular … Glaucoma: Causes and Treatment
Effects Carboanhydrase inhibitors on the one hand weakly diuretic, on the other hand lower intraocular pressure. Mechanism of action Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body decreases aqueous humor secretion. This results in a decrease in intraocular pressure. Indications Glaucoma, ocular hypertension Prophylaxis of altitude sickness Other indications: Oedema, cerebral … Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
