Products Gliptins are commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets. Sitagliptin (Januvia) was the first representative to be approved in the United States in 2006. Today, various active ingredients and combination products are commercially available (see below). They are also called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Structure and properties Some gliptins have a proline-like structure because … Gliptine
Effects Glitazones are antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperglycemic, i.e., they decrease insulin resistance. Glitazones are selective and potent agonists at nuclear PPAR-γ. They improve glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Indications Type 2 diabetes mellitus Active ingredients Pioglitazone (Actos) Rosiglitazone (Avandia, off label). Troglitazone (Rezulin, out of commerce, liver … Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
Active ingredients Insulins substitute for endogenous insulin: Human insulin Insulin analogues Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose formation: Metformin (Glucophage, generic). Sulfonylureas promote insulin secretion from beta cells: Glibenclamide (Daonil, generic). Glibornuride (Glutril, off label). Gliclazide (Diamicron, generic). Glimepiride (Amaryl, generics) Glinides promote insulin secretion from beta cells: Repaglinide (NovoNorm, generic). Nateglinide (Starlix) Glitazones decrease peripheral insulin … Antidiabetics
Products Dapagliflozin is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Forxiga). It was approved in the EU in 2012 and in the United States and many countries in 2014. Dapagliflozin is also combined fixed with metformin (Xigduo XR). A fixed combination with saxagliptin was approved in 2017 (Qternmet film-coated tablets). Qternmet XR is a … Dapagliflozin
Background Vitamin B12 can be produced exclusively by microorganisms and is found primarily in animal sources of protein, such as meat, liver, kidney, fish, oysters, milk, in dairy products and egg yolks. It plays an essential role in DNA synthesis, the formation of red blood cells and mucous membranes, and in myelination in the nervous … Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causes
Definition Drugs today usually contain a defined active pharmaceutical ingredient. However, numerous drugs with two or more active substances also exist. These are called combination drugs or fixed combinations. For example, Aspirin C contains both acetylsalicylic acid and vitamin C. Many blood pressure medications are combination preparations, for example perindopril + indapamide or candesartan + … Combination Products
Active ingredients Metformin (Glucophage, generics, combination products) Detailed information. Buformin (off label) Phenformin (out of trade)
Symptoms Gestational diabetes is a glucose intolerance that is first discovered during pregnancy and is common, occurring in approximately 1-14% of all pregnancies. Typical symptoms of diabetes mellitus such as thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue may occur, but are considered rare. Nonspecific complaints such as increased susceptibility to urinary tract infections may indicate gestational diabetes. … Gestational Diabetes
Products Canagliflozin is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Invokana). It was approved in the United States and EU in 2013 and in many countries in 2014. Vokanamet is a fixed combination of canagliflozin and metformin. It was also registered in many countries in 2014. Structure and properties Canagliflozin (C24H25FO5S, Mr = 444.5 … Canagliflozin
Products In many countries, vitamin B12 is available as a monopreparation in the form of injectables and as a dietary supplement. Vitamin B12 is also combined with other vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and amino acids. Low- and high-dose preparations are available. Structure and properties Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble B-group vitamin that contains cobalt as … Vitamin B12
Products Rosiglitazone was commercially available in tablet form (Avandia). It had been approved since 1999 and was also commercially available in fixed combination with the biguanide metformin (Avandamet). The combination with the sulfonylurea glimepiride (Avaglim, EU, off-label) was not approved in many countries. A publication in on possible cardiovascular risks led to a controversy about … Rosiglitazone
Products Phenformin has been off the market in many countries since the late 1970s because of the potential adverse effects. Structure and properties Phenformin (C10H15N5, Mr = 205.3 g/mol) is a biguanide with a similar structure to metformin. Phenformin was the first agent in this group of drugs. Effects Phenformin (ATC A10BA01) has antidiabetic and … Phenformin
