Blood, blood-forming organs – immune system (D50-D90).
- Aplastic anemia – form of anemia (anemia) characterized by pancytopenia (reduction of all cell series in the blood; stem cell disease) and concomitant hypoplasia (functional impairment) of the bone marrow.
- Bleeding anemia, acute (source of bleeding: mainly genital or gastrointestinal/gastrointestinal tract).
- Iron deficiency anemia (anemia due to iron deficiency).
- Inflammatory anemia
- Elliptocytosis – group of rare defects of the membrane skeleton of erythrocytes (red blood cells) with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance; blood smear shows numerous elliptical erythrocytes (elliptocytes).
- G6PD deficiency (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency) – genetic disease with X-linked recessive inheritance; deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase leads to recurrent hemolysis and chronic anemia; about 13% of all male individuals from Central Africa: mild, clinically irrelevant form; people from Mediterranean countries and China: severe form.
- Hemoglobinopathies (disorders of hemoglobin synthesis) of the β-globin chains (usually manifests in the 2nd year of life).
- Cold agglutinin disease (Engl. Cold Agglutinin Disease, CAD) – type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA); characterized by presence of cold autoantibodies (autoantibodies active below 30 °C); clinical picture: Chronic fatigue, acrocyanosis (bluish discoloration of the acras/totality of the outermost, terminal parts of the body), Raynaud’s syndrome (circulatory disturbances in the hands or feet caused by vasospasm), and hemoglobinuria (excretion of hemoglobin (the red blood pigment) by the kidneys); cold agglutinin disease accounts for 16-32% of cases of AIHA.
- Megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia) – anemia (anemia) caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or, less commonly, by a deficiency of folic acid.
- Myelofibrosis (bone marrow fibrosis).
- Renal anemia (anemia caused by the kidneys).
- Runners anemia – anemia (anemia caused by an increase in blood plasma volume and by increased hemolysis (dissolution of red blood cells) in runners.
- Sickle cell anemia (med.: drepanocytosis; also sickle cell anemia, sickle cell anemia) – genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance, affecting erythrocytes (red blood cells); it belongs to the group of hemoglobinopathies (disorders of hemoglobin; formation of an irregular hemoglobin called sickle cell hemoglobin, HbS).
- Spherocytosis (spherocytic anemia).
- Thalassemia – autosomal recessive hereditary synthesis disorder of the alpha or beta chains of the protein portion (globin) in hemoglobin (hemoglobinopathy/diseases resulting from impaired formation of hemoglobin).
- Α-Thalassemia (HbH disease, hydrops fetalis/generalized fluid accumulation); incidence: mostly in Southeast Asians.
- Β-Thalassemia: most common monogenetic disorder worldwide; incidence: People from Mediterranean countries, Middle East, Afghanistan, India and Southeast Asia.
- Tumor anemia
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Iron utilization disorders
- Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
- Hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism)
- Addison’s disease – primary adrenocortical insufficiency (adrenal cortical hypofunction), which mainly causes a failure of cortisol production, but also leads to a deficiency of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone).
- Panhypopituitarism – disease that leads to a restriction or complete failure of all pituitary hormones (hormones of the pituitary gland).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Chronic inflammation, unspecified
- Chronic infections, unspecified
- Helminthiasis (worm diseases)
- Malaria
- Parvovirus B19-induced aplastic crisis in hemolytic anemias.
- Viral infection-associated hemolytic crises in hemolytic anemias.
Liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87).
- Liver diseases such as hepatitis (inflammation of the liver; e.g., hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia).
- Portal hypertension (portal hypertension).
- Zieve syndrome – triad of: Hyperlipoproteinemia (synonym: hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia), hemolytic anemia, and alcohol toxic liver damage with jaundice.
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease (enteritis regionalis)).
- Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa).
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease – disease associated with frequent reflux (backflow) of acidic gastric juices and other gastric contents into the esophagus (esophagus)
- Hiatal hernia (hiatal hernia)
- Celiac disease (gluten-induced enteropathy) – disease of the mucosa of the small intestine (small intestinal mucosa), which is based on hypersensitivity to the cereal protein gluten.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Chronic inflammatory diseases (eg, rheumatoid arthritis).
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Colon carcinoma (cancer of the large intestine)
- Leukemia (blood cancer)
- Gastric carcinoma (stomach cancer)
- Hodgkin’s disease – malignant neoplasm (malignant neoplasm) of the lymphatic system with possible involvement of other organs. It is counted among the malignant lymphomas
- Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – acquired clonal disease of the bone marrow associated with a disorder of hematopoiesis (blood formation); defined by:
- Dysplastic cells in the bone marrow or ring sideroblasts or an increase of myeloblasts up to 19%.
- Cytopenias (decrease in the number of cells in the blood) in the peripheral blood count.
- Exclusion of reactive causes of these cytopenias.
One quarter of MDS patients develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
- Plasmocytoma (multiple myeloma) – malignant (malignant) systemic disease, which is one of the non-Hodgkin lymphomas of B lymphocytes.
- Leiomyomas (uterus myomatosus) – most common benign neoplasm of women, originating from the muscles (myoma) of the uterus (womb). The myomas are histologically (fine tissue) mostly leiomyomas.
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – sex organs) (N00-N99).
- Hypermenorrhea – increased menstruation (bleeding is too heavy (> 80 ml); usually the affected person consumes more than five pads/tampons per day).
- Renal insufficiency – process leading to a slowly progressive reduction in kidney function.
Injury, poisoning, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Lead intoxication (lead poisoning).
Other differential diagnoses
- Hemolytic crises in G6PD deficiency.
- Gestational hydremia – dilutional anemia due to water retention in pregnancy.
Medication
- See “Causes” under medications
Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisoning).
- Arsenic
- Benzene
- Bismuth
- Lead
- Gold
- Mercury