Structure and properties Lipids are characterized by being soluble in organic (apolar) solvents and generally sparingly soluble or insoluble in water. They have lipophilic (fat-loving, water-repellent) properties. Lipids also exist, with polar structural elements such as the phospholipids or ionized fatty acids. They are called amphiphilic and can form lipid bilayers, liposomes and micelles. For … Lipids
Products Clotrimazole is commercially available as creams, creams, ointments, sprays, vaginal tablets, and vaginal creams alone or in combination with other active ingredients (e.g., Canesten, Gyno-Canesten, Imacort, Imazol, Triderm). It has been approved in many countries since 1973. Structure and properties Clotrimazole (C22H17ClN2, Mr = 344.8 g/mol) is a chlorinated phenylmethylimidazole derivative. It exists as … Clotrimazole
Products Gels are commercially available as pharmaceuticals, medical devices and cosmetics. Structure and properties Gels consist of gelled liquids. They are prepared with suitable swelling agents (gelling agents). These include, for example, celluloses (e.g., hydroxypropyl cellulose), starches, carbomers, gelatin, xanthan gum, bentonite, agar, tragacanth, carrageenan, and pectin. The pharmacopoeia distinguishes between hydrophilic and lipophilic gels. … Gels
Products Many pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (personal care products), medical devices, and foods (e.g., milk, mayonnaise) are emulsions. Structure and properties Emulsions are liquid or semi-solid preparations for external or internal use. They are dispersed systems (dispersions) in which two or more liquid or semisolid phases are combined by emulsifiers, resulting in a mixture that is heterogeneous … Emulsions
Products Cetyl alcohol is available as a pure substance in pharmacies and drugstores. It is found in numerous pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Structure and properties Cetyl alcohol is a mixture of solid alcohols consisting mainly of the linear C16 alcohol 1-hexadecanol (C16C34O, Mr = 242.4 g/mol). It exists as a white and fatty powder, as a … Cetyl Alcohol
Products Cetylstearyl alcohol is used as an excipient in medicinal products, especially in semisolid dosage forms such as creams or lotions. Structure and properties Cetylstearyl alcohol is a mixture of solid aliphatic alcohols consisting mainly of cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol of animal or plant origin. Cetylstearyl alcohol exists as white to pale yellow waxy … Cetylstearyl Alcohol
Products Direct antiviralia are commercially available as drugs in the form of tablets, capsules, solutions, and creams, among others. The first antiviral agent was approved in the 1960s (idoxuridine). Structure and properties Antivirala are a large group of drugs and have no uniform chemical structure. However, groups can be formed, such as the nucleoside analogs. … Antiviralia
Structure and properties Refined sunflower oil is the fatty oil obtained from the seeds of L. by mechanical pressing or by extraction and subsequent refining. It exists as a clear, pale yellow liquid and is practically insoluble in water. The main fatty acids in the oil include oleic acid and linoleic acid. Both are unsaturated. … Sunflower Oil
Symptoms Sunburn manifests itself as an extensive reddening of the skin (erythema), as a 1st degree burn with pain, burning, itching, tightening of the skin and, in severe cases, additionally with skin blisters (transition to a 2nd degree burn). It develops continuously over several hours and reaches a maximum after 12 to 24 hours. The … Sunburn Causes and Remedies
Products Isopropyl myristate is found as an excipient in pharmaceuticals, primarily in semisolid dosage forms such as creams and gels, and in liquid preparations. Structure and properties Isopropyl myristate (C17H34O2, Mr = 270.5 g/mol) contains 1-methyl ethyl tetradecanoate along with varying amounts of other fatty acid isopropyl esters. It exists as a clear, colorless, oily … Isopropyl Myristate
Products Mupirocin is commercially available as creams, ointments, and nasal ointments (Bactroban). It has been approved in many countries since 1988. Structure and properties Mupirocin (C26H44O9, Mr = 500.6 g/mol) is a naturally occurring antibiotic obtained by fermentation from or obtained by other methods. It is present in drugs as the dicalcium salt mupirocin calcium, … Mupirocin
Most personal care products have a long shelf life when stored properly. Cosmetics that have a shelf life of less than 30 months must be marked with a best before date. However, this no longer applies once the product has been opened. For this reason, all cosmetics have been labeled with a new symbol, an … Shelf Life and Storage of Cosmetics
