The United Kingdom Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) last assessed vitamins and minerals for safety in 2003 and set a so-called Safe Upper Level (SUL) or Guidance Level for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This SUL or Guidance Level reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause … Vitamin K: Safety Assessment
Selenium performs its functions as an integral component of proteins and enzymes, respectively. Relevant enzymes include selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases (GPxs), deiodases – types 1, 2, and 3 -, thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), selenoprotein P as well as W, and selenophosphate synthetase.Selenium deficiency leads to loss of activity of these proteins. Selenium-dependent enzymes Glutathione peroxidases The four … Selenium: Functions
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin and mucous membranes [tendency to acne (e.g., acne vulgaris); flushing] Abdominal wall and inguinal region (groin area). Gynecological examination Inspection Vulva (external, primary female sexual organs). Vagina (vagina) … Premenstrual Syndrome: Examination
Therapeutic targets Elimination of the pathogens Avoidance of complications Therapy recommendations Antibiosis (antibiotic therapy). Symptomatic therapy (analgesics/painkillers, antiemetics/anti-nausea and anti-nausea drugs, if necessary). See also under “Further therapy“. Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs that are administered when an infection with a bacterium is present. They act either bacteriostatic, by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, or bactericidal, … Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina): Drug Therapy
Cardiovascular System (I00-I99). Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) – belongs to paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and results in typical seizure-like episodes with tachycardia (heartbeat too fast: >100 beats per minute), dizziness, and possibly signs of acute heart failure (heart failure) Extrasystoles (heart stutter) – heartbeat that occurs outside the physiological heart rhythm. Sinus tachycardia – increased heart … Atrial Fibrillation: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing) of the skin, mucous membranes, abdominal wall, and inguinal region (groin area). Gynecological examination Inspection Vulva (external, primary female sexual organs). Vagina (vaginal) [staging T2a: tumor infiltration beyond uterus, … Cervical Cancer: Examination
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate sickle cell anemia (sickle cell disease): Triad Chronic hemolysis (dissolution of red blood cells; hemolytic anemia) and developmental abnormalities-usually occurring in infancy Vaso-occlusions ( occlusion of (blood) vessels) → acute and chronic organ damage. Functional asplenia → lifelong susceptibility to infections (e.g., with pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella). Further … Sickle Cell Disease (Sickle Cell Anemia): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
General measures Observance of the general rules of hygiene! One of the easiest ways to keep yourself and others healthy is to wash your hands regularly. Hands should be washed under clean running water for at least 20 seconds. Nicotine restriction (refrain from tobacco use). Alcohol restriction (abstaining from alcohol) Aim for normal weight!Determination of … Immunodeficiency: Therapy
Therapy goals Prevention of short stature Prevention of hormone deficiency symptoms or hormone deficiency diseases. Therapy recommendations From about the age of 6, growth hormones (STH) are usually used to prevent short stature. Hormone replacement therapy should begin at the age when puberty normally begins in girls (from age 12) and continue throughout life. Substitution … Turner Syndrome: Drug Therapy
Therapy goals Elimination of the pathogens Avoidance of complications Partner management, i.e., infected partners, if any, must be located and treated (Primary infection: sexual partners of the last three months must be considered; Lues II: six months, Lues III: two years, Lues IV: up to 30 years). The S2k guideline requires notification of sexual partners … Syphilis: Drug Therapy
Non-essential amino acids are building blocks of proteins that the body can produce on its own. Their rate of synthesis depends only on macronutrient intake. Non-essential amino acids include: Alanine Aspartic acid (= aspartate) Glutamic acid (= glutamate) Serine If the body lacks an amino acid or an endogenous agent formed from it, such as … Nonessential Amino Acids
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin and mucous membranes Eyes and conjunctiva (ocular conjunctiva) [foreign body exposure?] Ophthalmological examination Slit lamp: assessment of conjunctiva, cornea (cornea), sclera (sclera; outer covering of the eyeball), lens, … Eye Pain: Examination
