Congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99).
- Hereditary motor-sensitive neuropathy type I (HMSN I; from English, “hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies” (HNPP); synonyms: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), English Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) – chronic neuropathy inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, resulting in motor and sensory deficits.
- Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) – subgroup of neuropathies in which primarily the so-called “small fibers”, i.e. the small-caliber nerve fibers, are affected.
Blood, blood-forming organs – immune system (D50-D90).
- Pernicious anemia – anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Porphyria or acute intermittent porphyria (AIP); genetic disease with autosomal dominant inheritance; patients with this disease have a 50 percent reduction in the activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), which is sufficient for porphyrin synthesis. Triggers of a porphyria attack, which can last a few days but also months, are infections, drugs or alcohol. The clinical picture of these attacks presents as acute abdomen or neurological deficits, which can take a lethal course. The leading symptoms of acute porphyria are intermittent neurologic and psychiatric disturbances. Autonomic neuropathy is often in the foreground, causing abdominal colic (acute abdomen), nausea (nausea), vomiting or constipation (constipation), as well as tachycardia (heartbeat too fast: > 100 beats per minute) and labile hypertension (high blood pressure).
- Sarcoidosis (synonyms: Boeck’s disease; Schaumann-Besnier’s disease) – systemic disease of connective tissue with granuloma formation.
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Amyloidosis – extracellular (“outside the cell”) deposits of amyloids (degradation-resistant proteins) that can lead to cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease), neuropathy (peripheral nervous system disease), and hepatomegaly (liver enlargement), among other conditions
- Folic acid deficiency
- Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
- Fabry disease (synonyms: Fabry disease or Fabry-Anderson disease) – X-linked lysosomal storage disease due to a defect in the gene encoding the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A, resulting in progressive accumulation of the sphingolipid globotriaosylceramide in cells; mean age of manifestation: 3-10 years; early symptoms: Intermittent burning pain, decreased or absent sweat production, and gastrointestinal problems; if left untreated, progressive nephropathy (kidney disease) with proteinuria (increased excretion of protein in urine) and progressive renal failure (kidney weakness) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM; disease of the heart muscle characterized by thickening of the heart muscle walls).
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99)
- Vasculitis (vascular inflammation)
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Lyme disease – infectious disease caused by bacteria and transmitted to humans by ticks.
- HIV infection
- Leprosy – chronic tropical infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Sjögren’s syndrome (SS; sicca syndrome group) (synonyms: sicca syndrome) – autoimmune disease in the collagenosis group that results in chronic inflammatory disease or destruction of the exocrine glands, with the salivary and lacrimal glands most commonly affected; it may also affect the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Leukemia (blood cancer)
- Lymphoma – malignant proliferation of lymphoid tissue.
- Paraneoplastic syndromes (e.g., myeloma, leukemia) – a wide variety of symptoms that may result from a malignant tumor.
- Plasmocytoma (multiple myeloma) – generalized disease with excessive formation of malignant plasma cells.
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Alcohol abuse (alcohol dependence)
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) – neuromuscular disease (hereditary) leading to degeneration of muscles.
- Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN).
- Chronic polyneuritis – inflammatory caused disease of multiple nerves.
- Critical illness neuropathy – neuropathy (disease of the peripheral nervous system) that may occur in the course of therapy for critically ill patients
- Diabetic neuropathy – damage to multiple nerves (polyneuropathy), which occurs as a complication of existing diabetes mellitus; about 50% of diabetics develop in the course of a polyneuropathy.
- Bottleneck neuropathy (peripheral nerve disease) due to nerve compression.
- Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS; synonyms: Idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis, Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome); two courses: acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (peripheral nerve disease); idiopathic polyneuritis (multiple nerve disease) of spinal nerve roots and peripheral nerves with ascending paralysis and pain; usually occurs after infection
- Neuroborreliosis – disease symptoms of the nervous system caused by Lyme disease.
- Neuropathy (disease of the peripheral nervous system) with distal symmetrical distribution type:
- Toxic polyneuropathy due to alcohol or drugs.
- Deficiency neuropathy due to vitamin B deficiency or malabsorption
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99).
- Uremia (occurrence of urinary substances in the blood above normal levels).
Medication → toxic polyneuropathy
- Anti-infectives – quinolones/fluoroquinolones/gyrase inhibitors (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin), chloroquine (D), dapsone (A), dideoxycytidine, isoniazid, nitrofurantoin (A), metronidazole (A), thalidomide.
- Antiarrhythmics – amiodarone (G), flecainide (A), procainamide (D).
- Antirheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants – chloroquine, colchicine, gold, tacrolimus.
- Bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) (A).
- Digoxin (cardiac glycoside) (A)
- Hydralazine (antihypertensives) (A)
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors (such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab) → acute inflammatory demyelinating or axonal polyneuropathies (AIDP [acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy]/ASMAN [acute sensorimotor axonal neuropathy]/AMN [adrenomyeloneuropathy]) and CIDP.
- Immunomodulators – Tacrolimus (D).
- Immunosuppressants – leflunomide (A)
- Interferon-α (A)
- Levodopa (antiparkinsonian drug) (A)
- Lithium (A)
- Gold (G)
- Psychiatric medication and sedatives – disulfiram, lithium.
- Phenytoin (A)
- Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- Statins (A)
- Thalidomide (A)
- TNF-α antagonists (D)
- Tuberculostat – isoniazid (A).
- Vitamin B6 overdose (A)
- Cytostatic drugs (chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (CIN)) – doxorubicin (A), etoposide (A), gemcitabine (A), ifosfamide (A), platinum(derivatives) (A), cisplatin, vincristine, vinca alkaloids (A), taxanes (A), taxol (A), or proteasome inhibitors.
Legend: A = axonal; D = demyelinating; G = mixed axonal-demyelinating.
Environmental exposures – intoxications (poisonings) → toxic polyneuropathy.
- Acrylamide – formed during frying, grilling, and baking; used in the manufacture of polymers and dyes.
- Alcohol (= alcohol-associated polyneuropathy) → sensitive symptoms, such as numbness, stinging, or unsteadiness of gait; prevalence (frequency of illness) of 20-70% among chronic alcoholics
- Arsenic
- Hydrocarbons
- Nitrous oxide (due to chronic abuse with the party drug laughing gas).
- Heavy metals such as lead, thallium, mercury.
- Carbon disulfide
- Trichloroethylene
- Triorthocresyl phosphate (TKP)
- Bismuth (wg.Bismuth-containing dental material or in case of long-term treatment with bismuth preparations).
