Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Diabetes mellitus (diabetes).
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Genital herpes, acute
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Constipation (constipation)
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48)
- Cervical carcinoma (cervical cancer).
- Urinary bladder tumors, unspecified (e.g., pedunculated urinary bladder tumors).
- Urethra carcinoma (urethral carcinoma, urethral cancer).
- Prostate carcinoma (prostate cancer, prostate cancer).
Psyche – Nervous System (F00-F99; G00-G99).
- Disc prolapse (herniated disc).
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Neurolues (synonym: neurosyphilis)
- Paralysis of the bladder
- Psychogenic ischuria
- Spinal cord compression (contusion or constriction of the spinal cord).
Pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium (O00-O99).
- Gravid uterus (pregnant uterus).
Genitourinary system (kidneys, urinary tract – sex organs) (N00-N99).
- Balanoposthitis (inflammation of the glans and the inner leaf of the foreskin).
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – benign enlargement of the prostate gland.
- Bladder tamponade (filling the bladder with blood clots) – eg due toa tumor or after transurethral prostate resection (TURP; removal of the prostate through the urethra).
- Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia – micturition disorder caused by failure of the bladder sphincter (sphincter) to relax.
- Foreign body in the bladder
- Urinary bladder outlet stenosis – narrowing of the bladder outlet.
- Urethral valve
- Urethral stone
- Neurogenic bladder disorders such as reflex bladder or uninhibited neurogenic bladder emptying.
- Phimosis – narrowing of the foreskin of the penis.
- Prostate abscess (encapsulated collection of pus in the prostate).
- Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate)
- Urethral stricture (urethral stricture; urethral narrowing).
- Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra)
- Urolithiasis (urinary bladder stones)
- Uterus myomatosus (uterus enlarged by fibroids / benign muscular growths).
- Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder)
Injuries, poisonings, and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Foreign body insertion into the urethra (introduction of foreign bodies into the urethra).
- Traumatic urethral rupture
- Condition after pelvic surgery
Other causes
- So-called “stopping” (v.a. by riding, car, motorcycle, chronic hypothermia) can lead to congestive prostatitis (synonym: abacterial prostatitis; increase in blood in the prostate) in men.
Medication
- Antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, ipratropium bromide, propafenone).
- Anticholinergics (biperiden, darifenacin, ipratropium bromide, metixen, oxybutynin, propiverine, scopolamine, solifenacin, tolterodine, trihexyphenidyl, trospium chloride).
- Antidepressants
- Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, amitriptyline oxide, clomipramine, chlorphenamine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, opipramol, nortriptyline, trimipramine).
- Antiemetics (dimenhydrinate, scopolamine).
- Antihistamines (azelastine, cetirizine, clemastine, desloratardine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, loratardine, meclozine, promethazine, terfenadine).
- Antiparkinsonian agents (centrally acting anticholinergics) – biperiden, metixen, trihexyphenidyl.
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics) – amisulpride, asenapine, benperidol, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, flupentixol, fluphenazine, fluspirilen, haloperidol, levomepromazine, melperone, Olanzapine, paliperidone, perazine, perphenazine, pipamperone, promazine, promethazine, prothipendyl, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, thioridazine, tiapride, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol.
- Antivertiginosa (dimenhydrinate).
- Muscle relaxants (baclofen, pridinol).
- Parasympatholytics (oxybutynin).
- Spasmolytics (butylscopolamine, butylscopolaminium bromide, flavoxate, oxybutynin, tolterodine).
- Sympathomimetics (pseudoephedrine)